Dates, Times and Timestamps in Teradata

Dates, times, and timestamps in Teradata can be a little tricky. This document explains how to do various things that you may want to do. It is current through TD 12. Preliminaries The examples below use Teradata syntax, so they assume that you are running in BTEQ. If you are using SQL Assistant (Queryman), be sure to uncheckthe option box "Allow use of ODBC SQL Extensions in queries". Changing the Date Time Format in your ODBC data source to AAA or IIA may also help. datecol means a column defined as DATE. Defining columns and formats Times and timestamps can be defined with any number of decimal places from 0 to 6 (time(0), timestamp(6), etc.). As it turns out, however, MP-RAS on Intel doesn’t keep track of anything beyond 2 decimal places (hundredths of seconds), so in many cases it is useless to define columns with more than 2 decimal places. If, however, you are loading data from another server, that data could have digits down to the microsecond. The formats for all columns are described in the SQL Reference: Data Types and Literals, Chapter 9. In V2R5 and later releases, you can specify many different formats for time and timestamp fields. Dates Literals Date literals can be specified in many ways: -- in the same format as the column they are being compared to where infamy_date = '12/07/1941' -- with an explicit format where infamy_date = '07Dec1941' (date, format 'DDMMMYYYY') -- in ANSI standard form (must be preceded by the keyword DATE) where infamy_date = date '1941-12-07' -- in numeric form (not recommended) where infamy_date = 411207 Observe in the examples above that the word DATE must be used to specify the data type. To get the system date, therefore, CURRENT_DATE is a better choice than DATE. Number of days between two dates datecol - datecol will return the number of days between two dates. select date '2003-08-15' - date '2003-01-01'; (2003-08-15-2003-01-01) ----------------------- 226 Adding or subtracting months Generally speaking, you should use the ADD_MONTHS function to add months to a date (or to subtract months). Your project may require adding a number of days, but if calendar months are required, ADD_MONTHS is the way to go. select add_months(current_date, 3); ADD_MONTHS(Date, 3) ------------------- 2005-10-19 select add_months(current_date, -2); ADD_MONTHS(Date, -2) -------------------- 2005-05-19 /*** Last day of the month is still the last day ***/ select add_months(date '2002-01-31', 1); ADD_MONTHS(2002-01-31, 1) ------------------------- 2002-02-28 Computing the day of the week Computing the day of the week for a given date is not easy in SQL. If you need a weekday, I recommend that you look it up in the view sys_calendar.calendar (or join to it), thus: select day_of_week from sys_calendar.calendar where calendar_date = date '2003-05-01'; day_of_week ----------- 5 [i.e. Thursday] Computing the first day of a month select datecol - extract(day from datecol) + 1 This subtracts the number of days since the beginning of the month, taking you to "day 0", or the day before the first of the month; then adds 1. Computing the last day of a month select add_months((datecol - extract(day from datecol)+1),1)-1 Same idea, but this computes the first day of the following month and then subtracts 1. Times Literals The easiest way to specify a time literal is in ANSI form with a 24-hour clock: time '15:09:17' But in V2R5 you can use another format as long as you tell Teradata what it is: '03-09-17PM' (time, format 'HH-MI-SST') Changing floats to times Some Data Dictionary tables have time columns that are defined as FLOAT rather than TIME. Here’s how to convert them to TIMEs, believe it or not: select cast(cast(cast(TimeFld as format '99:99:99.99') as char(11)) as time(6)) from DBC.EventLog ... Adding or truncating decimal places At first it would seem that these expressions should work: cast(time '01:02:33' as time(6)) /* adding */ cast(time '01:02:33.456' as time(0)) /* truncating */ Alas, the first one works but the second one does not: select cast(time '01:02:33' as time(6)); 01:02:33 --------------- 01:02:33.000000 select cast(time '01:02:33.456' as time(0)); *** Failure 7454 DateTime field overflow. Truncating decimal places can be done in a UDF, but in SQL you must convert the time to a character string and back again: select cast(cast(time '01:02:33.456' as char(8)) as time(0)); 01:02:33.456 ------------ 01:02:33 CURRENT_TIME, however, is an exception: select cast(current_time as time(0)); Current Time(0) --------------- 15:20:29 Time differences First we shall address the case where your time data is defined as a number (FLOAT or DECIMAL, perhaps) in hhmmss form. select ((time02 / 10000) * 3600 + (time02 / 100 MOD 100) * 60 + (time02 MOD 100)) - ((time01 / 10000) * 3600 + (time01 / 100 MOD 100) * 60 + (time01 MOD 100)) as time_diff from dttest; time_diff ------------- 6432. [in seconds -- about 1.8 hours] If the earlier time could fall on one day and the later time on the next day, you may have to add 86,400 (the number of seconds in one day) to the later time, like so: select case when time02 >= time01 then ((time02 / 10000) * 3600 + (time02 / 100 MOD 100) * 60 + (time02 MOD 100)) - ((time01 / 10000) * 3600 + (time01 / 100 MOD 100) * 60 + (time01 MOD 100)) else /*** Midnight has passed ***/ (((time02 / 10000) * 3600 + (time02 / 100 MOD 100) * 60 + (time02 MOD 100)) + 86400) - ((time01 / 10000) * 3600 + (time01 / 100 MOD 100) * 60 + (time01 MOD 100)) end as time_diff from dttest; time_diff ------------- 18094. Next we consider the case where your time data is defined as TIME(n). The usual way to take the difference of two times would be as follows: select time02 - time01 hour(2) to second from dttest; (time02 - time01) HOUR TO SECOND -------------------------------- 10:39:23.000000 The above result is an interval (INTERVAL HOUR TO SECOND, to be exact). If, however, you want to compute the difference in seconds, as above, you again have to split the times up: select (extract(hour from time02) * 3600 + extract(minute from time02) * 60 + extract(second from time02)) - (extract(hour from time01) * 3600 + extract(minute from time01) * 60 + extract(second from time01)) as time_diff from dttest; time_diff ----------- 38363 /*** After midnight ... ***/ select case when time02 >= time01 then (extract(hour from time02) * 3600 + extract(minute from time02) * 60 + extract(second from time02)) - (extract(hour from time01) * 3600 + extract(minute from time01) * 60 + extract(second from time01)) else (extract(hour from time02) * 3600 + extract(minute from time02) * 60 + extract(second from time02) + 86400) - (extract(hour from time01) * 3600 + extract(minute from time01) * 60 + extract(second from time01)) end as time_diff from dttest; time_diff ----------- 38363 Timestamps Literals The easiest way to specify a timestamp literal is in ANSI form: timestamp '1994-12-25 23:46:29' But in V2R5 you can use another format as long as you tell Teradata what it is: '12/25/1994 11:46:29PM' (timestamp, format 'MM/DD/YYYYBHH:MI:SST') Extracting the date or time portion of a timestamp Extract the date or time portion of a timestamp thus: select cast(ts01 as date) from dttest; ts01 -------- 04/07/27 select cast(ts01 as time(6)) from dttest; ts01 --------------- 10:24:37.739920 Adding or truncating decimal places As in the case of time fields, you can add decimal places but cannot truncate them: select cast(timestamp '2008-06-24 01:02:33' as timestamp(6)); 2008-06-24 01:02:33 -------------------------- 2008-06-24 01:02:33.000000 select cast(timestamp '2008-06-24 01:02:33.456' as timestamp(0)); *** Failure 7454 DateTime field overflow. As before, truncating requires converting the timestamp to a character string and back again: select cast(cast(timestamp '2008-06-24 01:02:33.456' as char(19)) as timestamp(0)); 2008-06-24 01:02:33.456 ----------------------- 2008-06-24 01:02:33 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is not an exception: select cast(current_timestamp as timestamp(0)); *** Failure 7454 DateTime field overflow. select cast(cast(current_timestamp as char(19)) as timestamp(0)); Current TimeStamp(6) -------------------- 2008-09-19 15:27:36 Combining date and time to make a timestamp Thanks to Dieter Nöth for this tip. The most efficient way to combine a date and a time is to cast the date to a timestamp and add the time. But you can’t simply add a time, because TIME is a point in time and not a duration. So you have to transform it into an interval: cast(Date_column as TimeStamp(6)) + ((Time_column - time '00:00:00') hour to second(6)) Length of time between two timestamps You can subtract one timestamp from another. The result will be an interval, and you must specify a precision for the interval, like so: select ts02 - ts01 day(4) to second(6) from dttest; (ts02 - ts01) DAY TO SECOND --------------------------- 371 05:26:35.639649 select ts01 - ts02 day(4) to second(6) from dttest; (ts01 - ts02) DAY TO SECOND --------------------------- -371 05:26:35.639649 You can also convert this interval to seconds or minutes like so: /*** Difference in seconds ***/ select (ts02 - ts01 day(4) to second) as tsdiff, (extract(day from tsdiff) * 86400) + (extract(hour from tsdiff) * 3600) + (extract(minute from tsdiff) * 60) + extract(second from tsdiff) as sec_diff from dttest; tsdiff sec_diff --------------------- ----------------- 371 05:26:35.639649 32073995.639649 /*** Difference in minutes ***/ select (ts02 - ts01 day(4) to minute) as tsdiff, (extract(day from tsdiff) * 1440) + (extract(hour from tsdiff) * 60) + extract(minute from tsdiff) as min_diff from dttest; *** Query completed. One row found. 2 columns returned. *** Total elapsed time was 1 second. tsdiff min_diff ----------- ----------- 371 05:26 534566 Number of days between two timestamps If you just want the number of days between two timestamps and wish to ignore the time portion, either of the following two techniques will work, but note the differences. The first technique lops off the time portion of each timestamp, so it will be equivalent to subtracting the two days; the result is an integer. The second seems to do the same but returns an interval. If you use the second technique, be sure to allow enough digits for DAY. sel cast(ts02 as date) - cast(ts01 as date) from dttest; (ts02-ts01) ----------- 371 -- [type of this result is INTEGER] sel ts02 - ts01 day(4) from dttest; (ts02 - ts01) DAY ----------------- 371 -- [type of this result is INTERVAL DAY] Other operations on timestamps Operand 1 Operator Operand 2 Result Type   Timestamp     + or -     Interval     Timestamp     Interval     +     Timestamp     Timestamp     Interval     + or -     Interval     Interval     Interval     * or /     Numeric     Interval     Numeric     *     Interval     Interval   Intervals Literals There are many types of intervals; see the Data Types manual for details. The key point to remember is that an interval type cannot span months, because not all months are the same length. /* 1 year, 2 months, 5 days? */ select interval '1-02-05' year to day; *** Failure 3706 Syntax error: Invalid INTERVAL type definition. select interval '05 01:02:03' day to second; 5 01:02:03 ----------- 5 01:02:03 The fields in intervals are smallints, so the precision cannot be greater than 4. select interval '1234' day; 1234 ----- 1234 select interval '12345' day(5); *** Failure 3706 Syntax error: Invalid INTERVAL Literal. Casting data to intervals If you need to convert, say, a smallint in a table to an interval, you can cast it like so: cast(smallint_field as interval second(4)) cast(smallint_field as interval minute(4)) You can also convert combinations of fields to longer intervals by first combining them into properly formatted character strings, then casting those to intervals. cast( cast( (smallint_hours (format '999:')) || (smallint_minutes (format '99')) as char(7) ) as interval hour to minute ) Other operations with intervals Here are some examples of the other operations mentioned in the table above. /******** Timestamp + Interval = Timestamp ********/ select timestamp '2008-08-15 10:11:12' + interval '5:00:39' hour to second; (2008-08-15 10:11:12+ 5:00:39) ------------------------------ 2008-08-15 15:11:51 /******** Timestamp - Interval = Timestamp ********/ select timestamp '2008-08-15 10:11:12' - interval '5:00:39' hour to second; (2008-08-15 10:11:12- 5:00:39) ------------------------------ 2008-08-15 05:10:33 /******** Interval + Timestamp = Timestamp ********/ select interval '5:00:39' hour to second + timestamp '2008-08-15 10:11:12'; ( 5:00:39+2008-08-15 10:11:12) ------------------------------ 2008-08-15 15:11:51 /******** Interval + Interval = Interval ********/ select interval '5:00:39' hour to second + interval '2:10:11' hour to second; ( 5:00:39+ 2:10:11) ------------------- 7:10:50 /* The interval types can be different. */ select interval '5' hour + interval '10' minute; ( 5+ 10) -------- 5:10 select interval '5:03' hour to minute + interval '14:12' minute to second; ( 5:03+ 14:12) -------------- 5:17:12 /* But, as always, you cannot span months. */ select interval '2' month + '5' day; *** Failure 3706 Syntax error: Invalid DateTime value expression. /******** Interval - Interval = Interval ********/ select interval '5:00:39' hour to second - interval '2:10:11' hour to second; ( 5:00:39- 2:10:11) ------------------- 2:50:28 select interval '5' hour - interval '10' minute; ( 5- 10) -------- 4:50 select interval '5:03' hour to minute - interval '14:12' minute to second; ( 5:03- 14:12) -------------- 4:48:48 /******** Interval * Numeric = Interval ********/ select interval '5' hour * 2; ( 5*2) ------ 10 select interval '4:05:06' hour to second * 3; ( 4:05:06*3) ------------ 12:15:18 select interval '1 02' day to hour * 4; ( 1 02*4) --------- 4 08 /******** Interval / Numeric = Interval ********/ select interval '5' hour / 2; ( 5/2) ------ 2 select interval '4:05:06' hour to second / 3; ( 4:05:06/3) ------------ 1:21:42 select interval '1 02' day to hour / 4; ( 1 02/4) --------- 0 06 /******** Numeric * Interval = Interval ********/ select 2 * interval '5' hour; (2* 5) ------ 10 select 3 * interval '4:05:06' hour to second; (3* 4:05:06) ------------ 12:15:18 select 4 * interval '1 02' day to hour; (4* 1 02) --------- 4 08